Identifying Emerging Issues in Mobile Learning Essay

The workshop arrangement was supported by the UK’s Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as a component of the Emerge Community inside JISC’s own Users and Innovation research program. This investigation concentrated on distinguishing rising issues for the segment emerging from the undeniably likely huge scope utilization of Smartphones, PDAs and camera telephones by students in HE and FE, both nearby and in the work environment. This was brought out through situation age utilizing three distinct prospects forecast devices in three workshops. The accompanying issues were distinguished just like the well on the way to show up later on for versatile taking in quite a while from now: the expanding utilization of ‘just in time’ and ‘as and when necessary’ preparing. the requirement for consistently on moderate network and force. expanded help for a way to deal with instructing and discovering that is more community oriented than educational. worries over adaptability; learning networks are partitioned about whether there is a job for cell phones in formal instructing, particularly in huge gatherings and talks. oncerns over the converging of individual and professional data and practice. The solid match between affordances of cell phones and learning openings in work based and experiential learning no matter how you look at it. expanded shared systems administration and coordinated effort. the requirement for structure particulars for a protected online universally handy information storehouse available by various programs as indicated by gadget nearby. Other rising issues for portable learning in HE and FE incorporate both moral and handy ramifications. These incorporate social obstructions and protection from change among speakers and related educating experts. Models are: fears for the disintegration of lecturers’ individual time; worries over security identified with the expanding measure of data and number of pictures to be put away and protection issues identified with the simplicity with data can be caught in a scope of areas. There is likewise the chance to reexamine appraisal works on, recording the way toward building up a task as opposed to just denoting the item. One final issue, one that needs dire consideration, is the requirement for the improvement by understudies and staff of concurred work on, setting up how cell phones are to be utilized mindfully in organizations before rude use or obliviousness of their capability to upgrade learning brings about forbidding a significant learning instrument. Affirmations The creators wish to thankfully recognize the commitments made by individuals from the Adding a Mobile Dimension to Teaching and Learning system who had a significant impact both in the situation improvement exercises at the workshops on which this paper is based and to the survey of the situations produced. We are additionally appreciative for the money related help from JISC through the Emerge people group for this undertaking. 1 Introduction This report subtleties the situations created in a progression of conversation workshops investigating dreams of how portable advancements and gadgets will impact the act of clients in Higher Education (HE) and Further Education (FE) later on five years consequently. The workshop arrangement was subsidized by the UK’s Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as a major aspect of the Emerge Community inside JISC’s own Users and Innovation research program. This present investigation centers around distinguishing developing issues for the segment emerging with the undeniably likely huge scope utilization of Smartphones and cell phones with the ability to record both video and sound by students both nearby and in the working environment in HE and FE. These gadgets have gotten settled all through the understudy network, a review of 177 understudies at the University of Southampton found that 94% were standard clients and proprietors of cell phones (Davidson and Lutman 2007). This dovetails with information from Ofcom (2008) which shows that cell phone proprietorship in the 15-24 age gathering of the UK populace is balancing out at around 95% and understudies to come will be much increasingly experienced in their utilization. For instance, more established understudies in schools that apparently boycott cell phones are presently consistently being permitted to utilize the cameras on their ‘phones to record exceptional occasions or investigations in exercises to enable them to change. What is versatile realizing? The field of versatile learning has been growing quick as an examination point in the course of recent years and as needs be thoughts of what precisely portable realizing is have additionally evolved. Winters (2006) noticed how different gatherings exploring versatile learning have utilized definitions that fall into four classifications: one †portable learning as technocentric, where learning is viewed as something that utilizes cell phones, individual advanced partners (PDAs) and cell phones; two †characterized by its relationship to e-realizing, where portable learning is viewed as an expansion of elearning; three †as expanding formal training and four †as student focused, empowering the chance of long lasting learning. These doesn't address the novel selling purpose of portable realizing which is firmly connected to the capacity of the versatile student moving between generally separate settings, for example, the work place and the encouraging base upheld by handheld innovation that they can work with intuitively to catch, access and store amounts of data in various sight and sound organizations. Subsequently portable learning can be best depicted as â€Å"the forms (both individual and open) of coming to know through investigation and discussion over various settings among individuals and intelligent technologies† (Sharples, Arnedillo Sanchez, Milrad and Vavoula 2007). Portable learning in post-necessary training in the UK An introduction from Traxler and Sugden (2007) places the present condition of versatile learning in the UK as comprising of impressive quantities of little scope preliminaries and pilots occurring over fixed timeframes. Affirmation that the act of utilizing portable innovation to help learning in post-obligatory training isn't yet installed in ebb and flow practice inside establishments was exhibited during the quest for past examination for this paper, where no progressing enormous scope utilizes were found. From as of now accessible sources there is next to zero sign concerning the degree to which cell phones are being utilized in Higher and Further Education. Discoveries from interviews led by Bird and Stubbs (2008) with portable learning trailblazers in ten Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) were shockingly steady with most respondents revealing that they encountered or hope to encounter a similar sort of issues. These were generally as obstructions to setting up and continuing a m-learning advancement in a college 2 condition. Issues which commanded were: aptitudes holes (in IT support and particularly scholastic staff and fairly out of the blue understudies who regardless of being substantial clients ), absence of specialized help (IT administrations arrangement), acquisition and bookkeeping strategies based around PC use, incorporation issues because of cost of gadgets or potentially information, moral and lawful issues, quality confirmation particularly as for information possession, supportability (all ventures depended on outside subsidizing), gadget restrictions, guidelines beat, protection and security, and absence of a ‘killer application’ for the unique circumstance. Meetings with clients trialing PDAs at the Open University (Pettit and Kukulska-Hulme, 2008) demonstrated that the remote framework was broadly viewed as a basic factor in affecting appropriation of the gadget. Most papers looked into for the present examination alluded to hypothetical hypothesis about future potential, others talked about activities outside of the UK in Europe or East Asia, be that as it may, in the staying 20%, a noteworthy scope of pilots with various handheld gadgets was depicted. These demonstrate that there is extensive potential for drawing in and supporting students by means of portable advances. These pilots point to more noteworthy utilization of setting significant data particularly pictures and video in learning and to more noteworthy coordinated effort empowered by effectively versatile, handheld gadgets associated with the web through wi-fi or broadband. The accompanying models show the scope of exercises tried and are incorporated by segment. Advanced education Lecturers have assessed a scope of gadgets from multi-work PDAs and Smartphones to basic texti informing (SMS). In one of the main instances of the utilization of PDA’s in an undergrad setting Ramsden (2005) effectively tried giving undergrad Economics understudies at the University of Bristol access to VLE’s and course materials by means of web empowered PDAs. Just as empowering access to course assets whenever, anyplace, having the PDA permitted the understudies to hold question and answer meetings by means of the online conversation board during addresses which they discovered this especially supportive. The University of Birmingham has assessed the utilization of PocketPC handheld PCs to offer different versatile applications to college understudies as a ‘mobile learning organiser’. The primary uses were for issues of time and course the board and access to course materials. Different capacities incorporated the capacity to convey by means of email and texting and to compose notes. The partaking understudies utilized the schedule and plan offices just as specialized instruments and were sharp for progressively substance to be conveyed as such. (Corlett et al, 2005) At London Metropolitan University the Reusable Learning Objects (RLO) Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) chips away at the structure, advancement and utilization of learning objects a considerable lot of which run on cell phones. Smith et al (2007) talk about the inspiration they have found in understudies (sports science for this situation) to learn by means of subject explicit learning objects (programs, for example, Flash activitys of muscle g

Safety System in Aircraft Automation Essay Example

Wellbeing System in Aircraft Automation Essay What’s flying? The plane very still takes off, beating the power of gravity, it lifts with the forward push beating the air obstruction, and it is air-borne and on to its flight goal. This looks exceptionally basic. To accomplish this condition a few security frameworks, the greater part of them robotized and painstakingly watched and observed by the staff on the job and the group of pilots, need to work couple and without the smallest issue. At that point just the plane will keep awake noticeable all around.  Before attempting to comprehend the most recent security frameworks in Aircraft Automation, it is important to recognize what really is flying and what befalls it simultaneously. At the point when a plane is flying, it is being pulled here and there, in reverse and forwardâ€all simultaneously. There are four unique powers following up on it simultaneously. These are (I) weight (ii) lift (iii) push and (iv) drag. The weight is the power of gravity that pulls the plan e downwards. Lift pushes the plane upward. This power is made by the wings as they slice through the air. The power of ‘drag’ pulls the plane in reverse, while ‘thrust’ pushes it forward. Push is created by propellers. A plane stays consistent in flight as a result of two significant reasons. (I) The push from the motor equivalents the drag power; (ii) The lift made by its wings rises to the power of gravity on the plane. Airplanes and robotization: Present day business airplane is PC overwhelmed. The Pilot has restricted manual capacities, however this in at any rate doesn't decrease his practical duty. In actuality, his duty is more. He should be on the alarm continually and take suitable measures based on graph and information gave by the different mechanized security frameworks introduced in the airplanes.â He might not have dull errands of past times worth remembering. PCs do calculations and get information for the pilot. Be that as it may, he needs to screen the data on the pilot show and come to end results about the conduct of the plane. The information must be to the point, with no superfluous over-burdening of data. They should permit the pilot to envision accurately. We will compose a custom paper test on Safety System in Aircraft Automation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Safety System in Aircraft Automation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Safety System in Aircraft Automation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer â€Å"Hybrid frameworks consolidate two kinds of practices: how a framework develops after some time as indicated by the laws of material science, and how the framework advances as indicated by signs and switches. The mix of these two, alluded to as consistent and discrete elements, prompts incredibly complex conduct. On account of the airplane, this implies we can display how the airplane flies just as the rationale which drives the airplane mechanization. Half breed frameworks are controlled through the blend of constant and discrete signs we can straightforwardly alter.†(Oishi, Meeko) Business airplanes give an awesome case of half and half frameworks. The mechanization is an unpredictable framework and the collaboration of complex persistent elements should be concentrated genuinely. The airplane acts like an errant kid. At the point when it holds a consistent mentality, it carries on in one way, yet the conduct changes when it attempts to climb and rise. Yet, nothing to stress, the airplane computerization frameworks are intended for such regular operational projections. They have experienced a definitive test and exceptional affirmation forms. Be that as it may, this is an exorbitant procedure, and the half breed process answers it with economy and similarly splendid execution. With the half and half control, the plane will act like a dutiful kid, and it will never leave the sheltered spot. . â€Å"The result is very amazing a perplexing framework, subject to genuine mistakes and restrictions, is scientifically destined to be sheltered notwithstanding those bl unders and limitations.†(Oishi,Meeko) All wellbeing frameworks in a plane are interlinked. You can’t have one safe framework and another not all that protected framework.  Most of the capacities are done exhaustive mechanization, such as clutching a consistent height, the steady rate drop, smooth touchdown on the runway. Despite the fact that the primary part is done through robotization, pilot is effectively associated with these procedures. He knows what he can anticipate from robotization, his psychological mode works with conviction, he is actually mindful of his position, and precise information is made accessible to him in the cockpit interface. With these robotization offices, the pilot won't be shocked in auto arrivals. A definitive objective is to accomplish safeguard activity, which is vital to the airplane business. That is the affirmation required by the clients and any pass on this gatherings isn't endured by the voyaging open. .Along these lines, direct the Pilot to control the mistake is the incomparable capacity of wellbeing frameworks in airplane computerization. The issues required for causing the blunder might be many, similar to Culture, Environment, Terrain, Fatigue, and so on. The robotization frameworks help the pilots to make situational mindfulness. Their basic significance is even more since pilot mistake related mishaps are up to 80%. Flying gadgets are the impacts the preventive procedures. Pilots actualize them to dodge dangers. Along these lines, the interface among human and machine knowledge in avionics is a continuous game. Computerization needs to win in this opposition, in light of the fact that there lays the triumph of the Pilot and the related work force that makes the air travel conceivable and alright for the travelers. Utilizing of a mechanization framework doesn't imply that it is a free permit for the Pilot to press the catches and sit calm. Readiness of the Pilot and other overseeing staff identified with the airplane gets need over mechanization pointers. The Pilot’s judgment is the main caution; it should be trusted certainly. In the event of terrible incidents, the Pilot should remain in the observer box under the watchful eye of the Court of Enquiry, the mechanization frameworks are only the quiet observers. They might be denounced, yet the Pilot will be punished.â The robotization frameworks should be given the significance and regard that they don't merit anything; more, not all that much. Under-dependence or over-dependence on car frameworks must be kept away from. The aptitudes of the Pilot are a higher priority than the mechanization itself. Let them generally stay sharp and never unwind for even seconds. The mishaps happen inside a matter of split-seconds. Utilizing intuition and judgment proper to the event, is an otherworldly quality. It is gained by experience a fine feeling of expectation and ability suitable to the event. The Pilot needs to utilize his natural capacity to ‘veto’ the proposals and markers of computerization. The Pilot should be a hard and astute drill sergeant to get the best out of the devices of mechanization. In fact one might be a Pilot, however he should be a â€Å"Professor’ too. Aside from the headway in flying innovation, he should continually refresh himself in related contextual investigations of lamentable air-accidents, spare you methods, break down the mistake circumstances, fabricate the information base, increment the level f certainty, and hone the abilities. Get familiar with the lifesaving tips and methodology, on the grounds that the Pilot is legitimately answerable for sparing the travelers and individuals from the team from the snapshot of take-off till the purpose of landing. The other name for each mechanization framework in the airplane is security framework, to specify a couple are,  vertical speed esteem, auto flight executive framework, flight way control, radio height, essential flight show, pilot test program preparing, aural alarm, flight way parameters, airplane flight tasks, flight mode annunciation, vertical speed mode, twist sheer conditions, auto choke frameworks, hazardous activities, flight the board framework, parallel route, team blunders, group asset the executives, airplane flight way, mode control board, airplane slow down and flight tasks supervisors. It is regularly said that the judgment of the individual is last over computerization. It isn't right to state that mechanization is great, it is a dependable associate. Be that as it may, dependence is should be utilized with attentiveness. â€Å"†¦..the last expert for choice and activity might be exchanged deftly and powerfully among people and computerization, and that there can be cases where robotization might be given the last expert for guaranteeing the wellbeing of a system.† (Inagaki, Toshiyuki) Human-focused mechanization is the interest of the cutting edge innovatively propelled framework. What will be human existence without robotization is too hard to even think about imagining. Individual is first among the equalsâ€that is the position and significance of robotization now. The force practiced via computerization is so much that the association is exceptionally convoluted. It is the intense deal between the two, and in this manner, authority-planning and sharing is a troublesome  but unavoidable assignment. A down to earth case of security framework in airplane mechanization: A significant case of the position sharing between the Pilot and mechanization is the Cockpit Task Management (CTM) The Pilot needs to perform numerous capacities at the same time for sheltered and effective flying in a cutting edge airplane. Measurements identifying with air crashes uncover that pilot blunder is answerable for about 65% of such occurrences. Of them, noteworthy blunders identify with undertaking cockpit assignments. â€Å"The cockpit is a situation, wherein conceivably numerous significant errands seek pilot consideration at some random time. Cockpit Task Management (CTM) is the procedure by which pilots specifically take care of undertakings so as to accomplish the mission objective. It figures out which of maybe numerous simultaneous assignments the pilot(s) atte

Types of Marketing Strategies that Attract Customers

Types of Marketing Strategies that Attract Customers Businesses and marketers pour a lot of their resources into developing, honing and implementing marketing programs with two goals in mind: to aid the business in achieving its “maximum profit potential”, and bring it to the point where it can sustain itself for the long term. To put it simply, they have their eye on two balls: profitability and growth.These marketing programs are well-thought out and thoroughly planned strategies, each with their specific objectives, but with the same end in sight.Generally, the objective or purpose of marketing strategies â€" or overall marketing programs, for that matter â€" will depend on several factors, including the type of business and its operations and the purpose of the existence (or the vision) of the organization. Non-profits, for example, won’t be too concerned about talks of profit potential and profitability when developing their marketing plan. A business venture set up purposely to exist or operate for only a limited time, on t he other hand, will come up with marketing campaigns that do not pay much attention on growth and longevity.If there is one thing that businesses and organizations have in common, however, that would be the presence of customers, also called clients, end users or beneficiaries, depending on how the organization refers to them. That means that, no matter how these organizations’ ultimate marketing goals may be, they will agree that they have to include strategies that are meant to attract these customers, clients, end users or beneficiaries. © Shutterstock.com | g-stockstudioIn this article, you will be introduced to the different types of marketing strategies that are currently being employed by organizations to attract new customers.CAUSE MARKETINGAlso called “cause-related marketing”, this strategy is getting more face time, as more and more consumers are integrating social responsibility in their purchasing decisions. Brands that prove themselves to be socially responsible are likely to catch the attention of customers and establish brand awareness and loyalty.In the 2015 Cone Communications Millenial CSR Study, 91% of the respondents declared that they will not hesitate to switch to a brand that is associated with a cause. That means 9 out of 10 people are willing to turn their backs on a brand that they may have been previously loyal to, in favor of a competing brand that demonstrates a strong sense of social responsibility and supports a cause that resonates with the consumers.That is the reason why, today, w e see many businesses and organizations openly supporting various causes or advocacies. They even devote entire departments, and a substantial chunk of company resources, into their own corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs, and integrate it into their marketing campaign.The key to using this strategy is to ensure that the cause is something that the company and its target customers actually care about.Some of the techniques employed include collaborating with a cause-oriented group or organization, choosing a cause that is related to the main thrust of the business or its products and services, making significant donations in money and in kind, and even doing volunteer work. Since cause marketing is largely reliant on press and word-of-mouth, companies often incorporate it in their advertisements and promotional materials. That is one less content â€" and expense â€" to worry about.Example of Cause Marketing:One of the most talked-about cause marketing campaigns in recent years is the “Campaign for Real Beauty”, a collaboration of Unilever and the Dove Self-Esteem Fund. The social advocacy of this campaign, which was launched in 2004, is to direct attention on how 98% of women around the world have low self-esteem when it comes to their beauty, all because of how media and the beauty industry had created a “beauty” stereotype that is, for most women, unattainable. The marketing message is that beauty comes in different shapes, sizes, color and race, and not just one standard, so women should be confident in the knowledge that they are beautiful.Through this campaign, Dove, maker of various beauty and personal hygiene products, was able to touch one of its market’s biggest demographics: women and young girls worldwide. Since its launch, Dove’s sales went up by more than 60%. DIGITAL MARKETINGMarketers today should be grateful, what with the wider variety of tools, devices and platforms that they can utilize for their marketing campaigns. W ith the rapidly rising number of consumers that are relying greatly on digital devices for their daily activities, it is important for companies to go where their target customers are.Digital marketing is used to describe the strategy of promoting brands or products through electronic media. It basically advocates the use of various digital devices and technologies to deliver marketing messages to customers. Examples of these digital devices are smartphones, computers, tablets and similar mobile devices, and some of the electronic methods are text messaging, instant messaging, and podcasts.It also includes advertising content distributed or released using digital technology, such as electronic billboards and posters. Incidentally, the strategy that promotes products and brands through mobile devices may be separately identified as “mobile marketing”.Marketers display preference over using these electronic methods and channels in their promotions, primarily because it allows them to track and monitor the results of the marketing campaign in real time. Communication is also another important factor in marketing, and going digital will allow the brand to establish more than one contact point to communicate with its target customers.Example of Digital Marketing:McDonald’s is, without a doubt, one of the most recognizable brands globally, and much of that can be credited to its digital marketing techniques. Three of them are discussed below:Extended Restaurant Hours. When the fastfood chain decided to open more than 30% of its outlets until the late hours of night, the information was disseminated through mobile banner ads that are placed in websites that are often visited by customers late at night. Digital ads were also set up in gas stations and rest stops. Simultaneously, they promoted a new Restaurant Finder app, which will guide the customers to the nearest McDonald’s outlet that is still open. This successfully attracted the attention and patronage o f customers that work late night shifts.Ask McDonald’s on YouTube. McDonald’s Canada created a dedicated account on YouTube, purposely for its information campaign on the quality of the food they serve. Customers will ask questions, and the answers will be given via videos uploaded on the channel. This interaction cemented the brand’s relationship of trust with its existing customers and also attracted new ones, particularly those with a positive impression on the company’s initiative to address its customers’ concerns.Angry Birds. The Angry Birds game has caught the world by storm, and McDonald’s China got in on the action. It collaborated with the game’s creator, Rovio, to develop an Angry Birds game that can only be played inside McDonald’s stores in China. Further, the game also had additional features that can only be unlocked in specific outlets. As a result, McDonald’s non-customers â€" who happen to be fanatics of the mobile game â€" trooped to the stores. EVENT MARKETINGEvent marketing involves the development and execution of a promotional campaign that revolves around, or is closely linked to a special occasion or event. The themed activities entail face-to-face or in-person engagement and interaction, turning customers into active participants in the campaign.This marketing strategy is useful in attracting customers, building brand awareness and lasting relationships. In a study conducted by the Event Marketing Institute, 50% of the people that attend and participate in an event marketing activity end up making a purchase during the event.Curiosity may be the first thing that will draw potential customers to an event. However, what will persuade them to stick around and allow themselves to be convinced to buy are the activities conducted during the event. These could be product demonstrations or trials, free samples or giveaways, generous discounts and other incentives.Example of Event Marketing:The best example of this marketing strategy is that of Macy’s Thanksgiving Day parade. Since 1924, the New York department store has privately sponsored and funded this annual event, which marks the start of the holiday (ergo, gift-giving) season. Participated in by giant floats, marching bands, cheerleaders, clowns and other performers, the Parade never fails to draw major crowds to the streets of Manhattan.Every year, it is estimated that 3 million people attend the event while over 50 million watch it on television. Many brands and companies also join the parade by sponsoring floats, knowing that the exposure will attract customers and drive their sales.Some of the brands that benefited from taking part and aligning in this annual Thanksgiving Parade are Toys ‘R’ Us, Pillsbury, the Disney Channel, and Timberlands.ENGAGEMENT / EXPERIENTIAL MARKETINGThere are a number of other alternative phrases for “engagement marketing” and, so far, the more popular and commonly used are “event marketing”, “experi ential marketing”, “on-ground marketing” and “participation marketing”.In this marketing strategy, the focus is on making a strong connection between the brand and the customers by “engaging” them directly, through active and participative interaction. Its principles are rooted in the reality that more and more people are learning not to believe anything they just hear about, or see in advertisements and promotional materials.As proven by a survey conducted by Jack Morton, which aimed to measure the effectiveness of engagement marketing, 11 out of 14 customers showed preference in learning about new products, services or brands through firsthand experience. Compared to what a celebrity endorser is saying about a product, or what is written on a flyer or brochure about the product features, the comments or opinions of someone they personally know will hold more water and are more likely to convince them to give that product a try. This proves that customers want to have a deeper connection with a brand before they can be convinced to buy anything from that company and become loyal customers.Creativity is very important if businesses and marketers want to have a successfully experiential marketing campaign. This is the brand’s opportunity to stand out, so coming up with unique concepts that will make an indelible mark in the minds of the participants is crucial.This type of marketing strategy is effective in attracting new customers, because what better way to introduce a new product than by letting the customer connect with it on a personal level? This demonstrates that brand’s confidence in its products, and their commitment to providing a memorable and satisfying customer experience.Example if Engagement / Experiential Marketing:A very good example of a successful engagement or experiential marketing strategy was the “Samsung Studios” brand experiences launched by the electronics company from July to September of 2012, as part of the com pany’s sponsorship of the London 2012 Olympics, held in that same year. Samsung set up these studios in several London locations, where visitors can get up close and personal with two new Samsung offerings at that time: the Galaxy S3 smartphone and the Galaxy Note.Aside from participating in product demonstrations, visitors can actually touch and hold the gadgets in their hands, allowing them to get a feel for it. Samsung also incorporated its Olympic Games app into the devices, so the visitors can play with it. To test camera performance and photo quality of the Galaxy S3, visitors can also have their photographs taken. The photo will then be turned into a personalized badge that they can bring home with them.At the end of the Samsung Studios campaign, the interactive experience brought about a positive reaction among the visitors. Out of 10 visitors that experienced Samsung Studios, nine said that they are likely to consider buying a Samsung phone over other brands. PR MARKETING The PR in PR Marketing stands for Public Relations. In the context of marketing, it entails the business developing and cultivating a relationship with the media or the press to create brand awareness in the market. This relationship will then allow the business to make use of the news or the business press, for example, to talk positively about the company, its products and services, and the reasons why consumers should also buy from them.Many confuse PR marketing with advertising, considering how the main platform is the media. However, it’s important to note that advertising is a paid strategy and PR marketing isn’t. You pay a media outlet or company to advertise your brand or products. In PR marketing, you do not pay a news reporter or journalist to write or come up with a story about your brand or product. It is free publicity that actually holds greater credibility in the public’s view. Compared to an advertising blurb, a prospective customer is likely to be convinced by a well-written piece about how a specific product of the brand can benefit him.Creating press releases and conducting press conferences also fall under PR marketing. The company will provide the press with the information, which they will write about and release in their respective publications or broadcasts.Example of PR Marketing:In the early days before Apple was the giant it is today, the CEO and founder Steve Jobs was sure to hold a major press conference for every product launch. In this press conference, he would talk in great length about the product and its features, complete with visual presentations.After the press conference, the press will release news about the new Apple product, increasing the hype and anticipation of the consumers. This is still done today, despite the company having millions of loyal customers. Instead of spending money on creating a TV commercial to introduce the product, introduction will take place in various places wherever news is released, fr om print to broadcast to online news outlets.SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETINGIf you are wondering where everyone is, go to social media. Not only did social media change the way people communicate and connect with each other, it has definitely altered entire lifestyles. Now, businesses have taken to social media to expand their reach, knowing that establishing a strong social media presence will be beneficial to their branding and overall business success. So far, the most commonly used social media platforms used by businesses are Facebook, Google+, LinkedIn, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Pinterest, Reddit, Yelp and FourSquare.Out of the several internet marketing strategies used by businesses these days, social media marketing or SMM, is seen by many businesses to provide the most effective results. Research showed that over 25% of businesses look to SMM for customer retention and loyalty. Certainly, social media is considered to be the best platform for businesses to create and maintain bra nd awareness, as well as bring attention to a new product or service that businesses will be introducing or launching.Compared to email marketing, SMM is seen to be the better method. Telemarketing has been on fire in recent years because of their intrusive nature, with unsolicited and often unwanted phone calls seen as annoying disturbances. Many consumers have this same view when it comes to receiving unsolicited emails. They’d rather their permission be obtained by the brand first before they can start sending emails. Therefore, email marketing is more effective for customer retention, more than attracting the attention of new customers.What makes SMM the preferred strategy among businesses?Businesses are able to engage their customers and obtain feedback in real time.Businesses can take advantage of the various facilities and features in social platforms for its promotional activities.A social media presence keeps the business current and relevant, especially in the minds of c ustomers.Businesses are able to build and nurture relationships with their customers over the long term.Businesses enjoy wider visibility on social media, thanks to the networking structure.Example of Social Media Marketing:The Starbucks empire is known for being active on social media â€" proof of how it utilizes social media in its marketing. Its Facebook page has close to 36.5 million followers. On Twitter, it has 11.8 million followers. It also established itself on Google+, Pinterest, YouTube, and My Starbucks Ideas, taking full advantage of cross-promotions, and ensuring that they are present where their target customers are.Instead of using social media to openly sell its products, Starbucks focuses on providing content that is informative and entertaining. The objective is clearly to engage customers and cultivate relationships with them. On Facebook, posts on how the products will be used are shared. Coffee-related photos and images are tweeted and uploaded on Instagram. On its website, MyStarbucksIdea.com, customers are welcome to ask questions, offer recommendations, make their complaints, and share their Starbucks experience.TRANSACTIONAL MARKETINGPossibly the most conventional strategy to attract customers, transactional marketing is applied when businesses entice customers and encourage them to buy their products and services by offering discounts, coupons, and other incentives to buy. Holding a sale event, for example, is a classic example of an activity under this strategy. After all, who would say no to scoring discounts? Even consumers unfamiliar with a brand may become curious enough to see what deals they can get.The downside of this strategy is that it focuses less on sustaining brand awareness in the minds of customers or even building brand loyalty. Customer retention is not a priority because, while the single “point of sale” transactions may attract customers, the objective of the company is to profit from these one-off transaction s. The priority is to make as much sales as possible, not developing a relationship with the customer.Despite that, it cannot be denied that transactional marketing activities are effective in attracting customers, even if it’s just for one sale.Example of Transactional Marketing:A real estate agent has to meet a certain quota for the period, so his main concern is closing as many deals as he can. He will make contact with potential customers, make his sales pitch, and even take aggressive steps in convincing the customer to purchase a townhouse that he is selling. He will take the customer on a tour of the house and its surrounding, even the entire neighborhood.Once the deal is closed and the sale is made, the real estate agent will move on to another customer, and there won’t be a relationship with the previous one.WORD-OF-MOUTH MARKETINGWOMM, or Word-of-Mouth Marketing, is described as an unpaid form of advertising, where satisfied customers promote the brand or product by te lling other people how much they like or enjoy the offering. Highly satisfied customers are sure to recommend the products, services, or brands that they enjoy to other people, and this means more new customers for the business. In a Nielsen survey, 9 out of 10 customers (or 92%) are inclined to believe what their friends, family and acquaintances say about a product, service or brand.What makes this a very good strategy is the high degree of credibility and authenticity behind the promotion. After all, customers will not recommend or talk highly about a product unless they truly mean it. They will be risking their reputation otherwise. Thus, the resulting trust between the brand and the new customers will also be high, since they will not heed the words or recommendations of someone they do not know.In WOMM, information is passed on from customers to potential customers through oral communication. That was how it used to be in the past. Due to the marketplace evolving, adaptation c alled for WOMM to be more flexible and also acknowledge other forms of communication. The messenger, the message and the recipient of the message are still the same; it’s just the mode of delivery that may vary.Written reviews and testimonials also count as “word of mouth”, and so are reviews delivered in video format. Bloggers may also write about a product they have tried and liked in their blogs. Email, Facebook, Twitter and other social media are also often utilized for WOMM.For businesses, the real challenge in using this type of marketing is how to generate word-of-mouth. It is up to the business to trigger this reaction and get their existing customers talking. By far, the best way to do that is to provide your customers with an overall customer experience that exceeds their expectations. You want them to talk great things about your brand? Then make sure you give them something to talk about. Be consistent about it, and you will soon turn them into ambassadors for your brand. You may also want to consider being generous, to the point of over-serving your customers, so they will be delighted enough to promote your brand and your products.Example of WOMM:If you notice, the Starbucks Coffee Company has stayed away from traditional forms of advertising since it set up shop as a small store in Pike Place Market in Seattle in 1971. You don’t see TV ads and hear jingles on the radio promoting the Starbucks name and its coffee. You don’t see it being advertised on magazine spreads and dailies, either.That is because this coffee empire has always built its brand marketing strategy around word of mouth. It focused on ensuring a consistent high quality of its beverages and other offerings, as well as its excellent customer service, and the satisfied customers proceeded to rave about what a good experience they had to their own networks. From there, the customer base of Starbucks multiplied, propelling the company to the top of the coffee chain.

Measuring Economic Participation and Social Protection

Gender discrimination has always been a problem that affected our society, where women were and continue to be treated inferior to men and were downgraded to do domestic work. Although there have been several reforms in trying to lower inequality against women because of the now-known great importance to the development of society, it still, nonetheless plagues our society. The promotion of gender equality is co-existent with social protection and the first step to combating gender inequality, while simultaneously combating problems related to poverty and education. Inequality does not only exist in the form of gender inequality, but also in income distribution as well, where the top quintile of the population consumes far more than the bottom quintile of the population. The existence of unequal income distribution can potentially lead to aristocracy, in which a few members or countries have control over most resources and income (Thomas Caroll Associates, 2013). Dubner and Levitt a s cited by Thomas Caroll and Associates use a classic example of the Black Disciples, in which gang members received a mere $3.30 per hour, with minimum wage being $5.15 and over half of the income was received by gang leader. The members forfeited the chance of earning the higher income with the probability of becoming the next gang leader; however 1 of 4 died in their pursuit of becoming gang leaders. This application can be used in real life, where wealth is concentrated among a wealthyShow MoreRelatedMarket Failure And Policy Alternatives1566 Words   |  7 PagesFor every Chinese citizen, nowadays, his or her health is seriously threatened by China’s notorious air pollution. However, the relevant environmental protection institutions keep ignoring such serious problem due to the ambiguity of environment protection law of China. Also China fails to keep the balance between environmental protection and economic growth. Ignoring notorious air pollution in China, the health of current and next generation of China is at stake. In addition, the monopoly in China’sRead More Is Ecotourism a Viable Tool Toward Sustainability? Essays1468 Words   |  6 Pagesecotourism and its place in a broader development strategy. Measuring ecotourism is difficult because it is often lumped together with nature, wildlife and adventure tourism. â€Å"Much of what is marketed as ecotourism is simply mass tourism wrapped in a thin green veneer† (Honey 1999: 51) a concept referred to â€Å"ecotourism lite.† Acott and La Trobe (1998) refer to the same phenomenon as â€Å"shallow ecotourism.† They provide a conceptual framework for measuring whether an ecotourism venture is a sincere attempt atRead MoreThe Role Of Community On Natural Resources Conservation Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesUnwind, London. Cheng S, Hiwatashi Y, Imai H, Naito M, Numata T (1998). Cleaver KM, Schreiber GA (1994). 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And TurnerRead MoreEssay On Staff Retention1854 Words   |  8 Pagesthis information from http://ro.uwe.ac.uk/RenderPages/RenderLearningObject.aspx?Context=7Area=1Room=3Constellation=24LearningObject=104 Social constructivist - Social constructivism is a variety of cognitive constructivism that emphasizes the collaborative nature of much learning. http://gsi.berkeley.edu/gsi-guide-contents/learning-theory-research/social-constructivism/ Pragmatic - The pragmatic approach to science involves using the method which appears best suited to the research problem andRead More United Nations Human Development Report and the Need for International Democratization1819 Words   |  8 Pagesconsistently throughout the work, analyzing global trends of political participation and democracy. According to the UNHDR, human development is politically determined, not only socially and economically so as represented in many studies. 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Handicap is therefore a function of the relationship between disabled persons and their environment. It occurs when they encounter cultural, physical or social barriers which prevent their access to the various systems of society that are available to other citizens. Thus, handicap is the loss or limitationRead More The Existence of Crime Culture Among Certain Social Groups Essay3545 Words   |  15 Pagesfrustration is the origin of subcultures. Crime culture existed in certain social groups and the individuals learned the value of the delinquent subculture through participation in gangs. Delinquent subcultures have values that are in opposition to those of the d ominant culture. The strain is rooted by low economical conditions, poor parental relations, and low school standards, with no chance of succeeding in the future. The anti social structure of cities also affects the why a boy and or girl joins aRead MoreDo Religion, Spirituality And Health Concepts Have Any Relationship?1632 Words   |  7 PagesDo religion, spirituality and health concepts have any relationship? This this the question that comes to mind when measuring influence of religious identity and participation in health and illness responses. A lot of controversies were noted due to lack of consensus when researchers attempted to define and conceptualize religion (Koenig, King Carson, 2012). Online search through publications such as, online dictionary, CINAHL Plus, E-Journal yielded distinctive, but unrelated results. Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLiberalization And The Economic Growth2232 Words   |  9 PagesLiberalization or the 1991 economic reforms marks 25 years this ye ar. Debates continues on whether growth precede or followed liberalization. India has experienced unprecedented growth over the past three decades. However this growth has co-existed with increase in inequality, unemployment across the country as certain regions, sectors and social groups have disproportionately benefitted from the growth. At least 38 percent in India continue to live below the national poverty lines (Ruparelia et

Ctu History 101 Ip3 - 1029 Words

Modern American History: 1950 to the 21st Century (HIST101) Colorado Technical University For this project I am going to discuss two different articles about President Richard Nixon and the Watergate scandal. The first article is â€Å"The Washington Post Editorial Watergate: The unfinished business.† The other article that I will be discussing and comparing is one written by Dean Burch. â€Å"In Defense of Richard Nixon.† I will provide a brief summary of the two arguments as well as describe how the Watergate events changed American views in politics and politicians. I will also speculate how the events could have been different if the media and population during the Watergate scandal had today’s technology, an example being smart phones,†¦show more content†¦Nixon. It was clearly a ‘painful decision’ for the Tribunes editors, most of whom know the president personally† (1974, May 14). This statement is based on the fact that the Chicago Tribune’s Editorial was calling for the president to leave the office due to the Watergate affair. What was also mentioned was the fact that most if not all of the editors knew the president personally, and it appears that they were all on board to quickly to impeach the president. Dean Burch goes on to report, mostly in Nixon’s defense, that the president faces many decisions every day that affect all the lives in America, and he made the correct decision to open a full investigation into the Watergate scandal. One key question is also brought up: â€Å"Did Richard Nixon do wrong?† (1974, May 14). From reading this article it appears that the writer was looking at what the president was thinking and doing as a whole, not just speculate and ridicule him on just one topic. The article also references that â€Å"Like all good presidents, he is not perfect† (1974, May 14), by that statement if is clear that there were many other aspects of the situation that was not being recognized by the Chicago Tribune. Based on the two articles the Watergate events changed American views towards politics and politicians. One way that I view the differences is that

Development of the American Experiences Free Essays

Current society of America dates back to past development experiences. The American nationalities comprise of distinct tribes, states and ethnic groups who survived from diverse political, cultural and social backgrounds. New societies, culture and people mainly originate from migration in search for new opportunities and lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of the American Experiences or any similar topic only for you Order Now American society in the United States traces back their origin to more than one migration experiences. Such emigrational experiences labeled America as nation of immigrations. Change is inevitable, development experiences have been influenced by changes in the society where immigrants sought for new destinations. Change occurred due to impact of immigrant culture to the natives. The change results from pursuit of freedom and acceptance in the American society. The article seeks to evaluate the development experiences in the American Society by discussing thinker Jr. Martin Luther King commentary on â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† The paper presents a new interpretation of American history by focusing on Jr. Martin Luther King, political thought as a commentary on principles and problems of free government. In addition, some respects on modification of the principles as advanced in the declaration of independence and embodied in the constitution are discussed in this paper. The pursuit of Negro towards freedom and justice is discussed based on Jr. Martin Luther King answers to criticisms of his activities. Martin Luther King, Jr. , â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† While Jr. Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham city jail, he came across statement calling his activities â€Å"unwise and untimely. † He sought to answer criticisms of his work and ideas since the men who criticized him were of genuine good will with sincere criticisms. He served as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization that was established in every southern state with Atlanta, Georgia being headquarter. The organization had several affiliates who shared staff, educational and financial resources. The affiliates in Birmingham called the organization to engage in a nonviolent direct action program if such sharing deemed necessary. These lead to Jr. Martin Luther King confined in Birmingham city jail because of injustices. The rise of injustices compelled Jr. Luther to fight for freedom beyond his home town by responding to the Macedonian call for aid. He was aware of the interrelationship of all communities and states, this lead to his concern about the injustices in Birmingham which threatened justice all over the state (Luther 1). The Negroes faced multifaceted problems from political, social and economic injustices. They faced segregation, racial discrimination, brutality, bloodshed and poverty. Such problems gave rise to freedom fighters in pursuit to achieve social freedom and justices. The Negro leaders were caught in an unavoidable network of mutuality which was tied to a single element of destiny. Importantly, what affects one directly affects all indirectly. He explored the demonstrations which took place in Birmingham, the city’s power structure of white left the Negro community with no alternative but to use demonstration to raise the issues which they faced. The nonviolent campaign comprised four basic steps namely: collection of the facts to determine existence of injustices, negotiation, self purification and direct action. All these steps were followed by black in Birmingham with aim of gaining justice. Racial injustices were dominant in the community; Birmingham was tremendously segregated city in the United States with brutal experiences. They experienced unjust treatment in the courts, high proportion of unsolved bombings of their homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other cities. The Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the white leaders of the city who consistently refused to engage in negotiation and understanding (Luther 1). After several failures of negotiations, Negro leaders got opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham’s economic community. Certain promises were made during negotiation, which saw merchants removed stores which were racialism sign. Such promises led to suspension of demonstration by Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and other leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Negroes become victims of broken promises where injustices were briefly removed, returned and others remained. Shadow of disappointment remained upon the Negro leadership who sought for direct action with aim of presenting their cases to local and national community. Self purification was used, nonviolent workshops were introduced. Direct action was scheduled for the Easter season since it was main shopping period of the year. The by-product of direct action was a strong economic-withdrawal which brought pressure on merchants for a change to occur. Direct action plan was postponed until mayoral election was over and later till the run off with aim of demonstrations not to cloud the issue at hand. The defeat of Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor resulted to more postponement of direct actions. The call of negotiation was indeed a purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action was used to create crisis and foster tension because community consistently refused to negotiate. The force was used to confront and dramatized the issue which could no longer be ignored. Luther is strongly opposed to violent tension, but he asserts that there is a constructive nonviolent tension which is effective for growth. It was very necessary to create a tension in the mind of individuals to enable them rise from the bondage of myths and half truths to the free realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal. This suggests that the kind of tension is created in society to help individuals rise from dark depths of prejudice and racism to the greater heights of understanding and sense of belonging. The purpose of direct action was to create the crisis situation which opened door for negotiation (Luther 2). Despite Mr. Boutwell being a gentleman than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, who were interested in maintenance of status. One is forced to understand the Negro leadership legitimate and unavoidable impatience of breaking laws. Luther urged people to obey Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 which outlawed segregation in the public schools. However, one can ask why to break some laws while obeying others? Luther suggested that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. One has a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey unjust law. Just law is a man made code that mutually respects the moral law and God natural law while an unjust law is a coded unharmonious moral rule. Just law uplifts personality while unjust law degrades personality. Segregation is unjust since it distorts the soul and damages the personality. Segregator feels superior while the segregated are viewed as inferiors. Segregation is politically, economically, sociologically and morally wrong and sinful. Throughout the nation of Alabama, all sorts of segregation were used not to vote despite being majority in the population. Another form of segregation was that citizens were denied a privilege to have peaceful assembly and protest. Luther asserts that one who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly and willingly to accept the penalty (Luther 4). From Luther’s point of view, Negro’s great stumbling block towards achievement of freedom is not white citizens but the white moderates. The white moderates are highly devoted to order rather than to justice. They preferred a negative peace with absence of tension to a positive peace with presence of justice. In addition, they agreed on Negro’s pursuit for justice and freedom but not methods of direct action. They blocked social progress and revolution. Federal courts affirms that it is very wrong to advocate an individual to cease from efforts that enable one to gain basic constitutional rights because the pursuit may precipitate violence. Society must be involved in protecting the robbed and punishing the robber. It was hoped that the white moderates would reject the myth of timing concern in relation to struggle for freedom (Luther 5). It is apparent that Luther stood in middle of two opposing forces in the Negro community. One force was complacency, made up oppressed and drained Negroes who have adjusted to segregation. The other force comprised few middle-class Negroes who had academic and economic security. The forces were characterized by bitterness and hatred. Despite such forces, the Negro church way of nonviolence became an integral part of the struggle for freedom. The yearning for freedom eventually manifested itself among American Negroes which gave birth to freedom. With the conjunction of Africans, Asian, South Americans and the Caribbean, the United States Negro moved to great urgency towards racial justice (Luther 6). However, some of white individuals from South grasped the meaning of social revolution and they committed themselves towards it. Despite their low quantity, their high quality outweighed quantity. Some such as Ralph McGill, Lillian Smith, Harry Golden, James McBride Dabbs and Ann Braden have languished in jails for their pursuit of Negro social freedom (Luther 7). Conclusion From the evidence presented in the paper, it is concluded that developments of American experiences dates back to pursuit of political, social and economic freedom. Despite confinement of Jr. Martin Luther King in Birmingham jail, he answered all criticisms of his activities. Injustices such as segregation, brutality and racism compelled Luther to fight for freedom. Nonviolence demonstration which comprised of negotiation, self purification and direct action were used to raise issues of injustices. Direct action involved tension which helped society to wake up from racism to great heights of brotherhood. Laws are divided into two, just law which lifts up personality and unjust law which degrades personality. were segregated not to vote and privilege of peaceful assembly and protests were denied. The stumbling block of Negroes achievement of freedom was influenced by white moderates. Luther eventually won through the help of Negro church for struggle despite standing in the middle of Negro community opposition forces. Some whit individuals embraced social revolution though they languished in jails. Civil rights are not gained without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. It is known that through painful experience that freedom is not voluntarily given by the oppressor but it must be demanded by oppressed as the statement â€Å"Justice too long delayed is justice denied.† suggests. Time is neutral variable which can either be used destructively or constructively. How to cite Development of the American Experiences, Papers

The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning

The article by Curry and Stasio (2009, pp. 473-481) acts as a literary source of information when a clinician intends to gather data on a clinical trial. However, a critical review of this article reveals that there are several issues that the authors fail to adhere to. The evaluation carried out in the current paper seeks to point out these areas. According to Brody (2012), a research article is expected to provide adequate and reliable information on its subject matter.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That notwithstanding, the evaluation conducted in this paper highlights the relevant issues addressed by Curry and Stasio in this article. The article is titled The Effects of Energy Drinks alone and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning (Curry Stasio, 2009, pp. 473-481). It is published in t he Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experiment journal. The clinical trial is reviewed against the CONSORT criteria. CONSORT Evaluation of the Article The Title of the Article Curry and Stasio (2009) are evidently reporting about a randomised control trial. According to the title of the report, the aim of Curry and Stasio is to identify the effects of energy drinks and alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. According to the CONSORT criteria, researchers are required to indicate the methodology adopted in the study in the topic of their report. To this end, Curry and Stasio should have mentioned that their study is a randomised trial. The article can effectively capture the attention of the reader if the word ‘randomised’ is included in the title. An example of an effective title article is found in the report detailing the findings of a study carried out by Bolliger et al. (2000, pp. 329-333). Bolliger et al. (2000) make it clear that their study is a randomised c linical trial. They inform the reader that the aim of the study is to determine the efficacy and safety of oral nicotine inhalers in smoking reduction. In the case of Curry and Stasio (2009), an appropriate title should read like this, â€Å"Neurological Functioning: A Randomised Clinical Trial on the Effects of Energy Drinks with Alcohol and Alone†. An elaborate title helps one to locate the article easily from online and other databases. For example, typing the search terms â€Å"randomised clinical trials† in the search engine should direct one to the article by Curry and Stasio. Analysing the Abstract of the Article In some cases, a researcher may find it hard to access journal articles from libraries. In such instances, an abstract becomes useful as it outlines four fundamental issues about the study.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issues high lighted in this section include the names of the authors, the objectives of the research, and the methods used in data collection. The abstract also provides information on the major findings made in the study. Curry and Stasio (2009) have clearly highlighted all these issues in the abstract section of their article. According to Hackshaw (2009), a clinical research should meet a number of criteria. For example, the research undertaking is expected to be clear, thorough, and accurate. A review of the study by Curry and Stasio (2009) reveals that they make use of a structured abstract in reporting their findings. The headings of the important areas covered in the study are clearly outlined. When a research undertaking is reported in such a manner, an interested party can obtain almost all the information that they require from the abstract without having to read the whole report. Analysing the Introduction Section of the Article Any given research undertaking is expected to provide a background with regards to the problem addressed (Hackshaw, 2009). The introduction section of a particular article should contain a scientific background, a rationale of the study, and a general structure. Curry and Stasio (2009) make use of the free flowing style in their introduction. The style is necessary as it enhances coherence, which is quite commendable on their part. Unfortunately, Curry and Stasio fail to highlight the structure of the research paper in the introduction section. The failure makes it difficult for the reader to understand the steps taken in conducting the research. Reviewing the Design of the Article According to Hackshaw (2009), there are several research designs that can be used to conduct randomised control trials. They include, among others, the parallel research design. In this design, the researchers make use of two groups of participants. The number of participants in each group may be equal, but their characteristics with regards to sex and such o ther issues may vary. A review of the article by Curry and Stasio (2009) makes it obvious that the researchers fail to highlight the exact type of design used in the study. However, they justify this shortcoming in the report. They indicate that as a result of the 3:1 ratio of females to males, it was unrealistic to apply the said research design. In spite of this, the article outlines the two parallel groups of participants as ‘males’ and ‘females’ (Curry Stasio, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Curry and Stasio (2009) illustrate that theirs is not an equal type of randomisation. The illustration is one of the interesting elements of their study. In the said form of randomisation, the ratio of participants is usually 1:1. However, in cases where the equal random isation is not employed, an explicit allocation ratio is expected. In the methodology section of the article, Curry and Stasio (2009) outline the allocations in terms of age and race. Reviewing the Results Participants in a randomised clinical trial are expected to be clustered into groups. Hackshaw (2009) points out that results and findings made in the study should be summarised on the basis of the clusters or groups used. Curry and Stasio (2009) address this issue in analysing their results. The brevity of the analysis section provides the reader with a picture of the findings made, making it easy to understand the whole study. The Discussion The results obtained in a research have various implications on the paper’s objectives (Hackshaw, 2009). Consequently, the researcher should provide a discussion section in order to elaborate on the findings made. The section acts as a response to the research questions posed. The clinical trial by Curry and Stasio (2009) illustrates the effects of each of the beverages on the participants take part in the study. As a result, Curry and Stasio effectively respond to the study objectives. Conclusion Research articles should effectively pass information touching on the study conducted to the target audience. In their article, Curry and Stasio (2009) fail to address all the key issues related to clinical trial studies. For example, the title of the report and the interventions has various shortcomings. The failure of these scholars reduces the credibility of their article. References Bolliger, T., Zellweger, P., Danielsson, T., Bilion, A., Robidou, A., Westin, A.,†¦Sawe, U. (2000). Smoking reduction with oral nicotine inhalers: Double blind, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety. British Medical Journal, 321, 329-333. Brody, T. (2012). Clinical trials: Study design, endpoints and biomarkers, drug safety, and FDA and ICH guidelines. New York: Academic Press.Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Curry, K., Stasio, J. (2009). The effects of energy drinks alone and with alcohol on neuropsychological functioning. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experiments, 24, 473-481. Hackshaw, A. (2009). A concise guide to clinical trials. London: Wiley-Blackwell. This critical writing on The Effects of Energy Drinks and Alcohol on Neuropsychological Functioning was written and submitted by user Esperanza French to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.